# Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA: answers and explanations

Cambridge IELTS 18, Test 1, Reading Passage 2

Source: Passage, questions and answer key from Cambridge IELTS 18, Test 1, Reading Passage 2. © Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Used for educational practice. Explanations and evidence notes are written by Testmigo.

## Answer key

| Q | Answer | Proof |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 14 | B | Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber ... decrease the health of a stand* leaving it more vulnerable to poor weather and disease |
| 15 | A | depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, quality, function, and accessibility |
| 16 | C | can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars |
| 17 | E | hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth |
| 18 | B | Some people even call these 'junk trees' |
| 19 | B | These types of cut reduce the number of sick trees |
| 20 | C | the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more |
| 21 | C | It leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth. |
| 22 | fire | Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood. |
| 23 | nutrients | The tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil. |
| 24 | cavities | trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers |
| 25 | hawthorn | many species like hawthorn provide food for wildlife. |
| 26 | rare | rare species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity. |

## Why these answers are right

**14. B.** Paragraph B explains that landowners used to care solely about timber value, removing the best stems in a practice called high-grading. The trees left behind now crowd out better trees and weaken the stand, which are the bad outcomes of a purely financial focus.

**15. A.** "Aspects ... that contribute to its worth" is a paraphrase of the factors a tree's value depends on. Paragraph A opens with exactly this list: species, size, form, condition, quality, function and accessibility, so the answer is A.

**16. C.** Running vehicles requires fuel, and paragraph C says wood can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars. Lorries and cars are vehicles, so the reference to this potential use appears in paragraph C.

The why and the trap for questions 17 onwards are free with an account on the [answers page](https://testmigo.com/ielts/reading/forest-management-in-pennsylvania-usa/answers).

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